Enzymatic saccharification is the most crucial and challenging step in lignocellulosic biorefineries for bioethanol production. The enzymatic saccharification requires a cocktail of hydrolytic enzymes, cellulases and hemicellulases for effective degradation of biomass.

Regardless of the wide biotechnological application of laccases, the critical limiting factors, namely: reusability, retrieval, and storage stability still prevail. These essential traits are rehabilitated by crosslinking laccases, albeit at the expense of their enzymatic activity.

Brown algae are gaining recognition as sources of bio-compounds with diverse properties and potential applications in the food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries. Compounds such as polyphenols, alginates and fucoidan possess multiple bioactivities, including antidiabetic, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties.